Bethell, Nicholas. Betrayed. New York: Times Books, 1984. 206 pages.
The British and CIA involvement in Albania from 1949-1953 was not the first covert operation of the Cold War. In Italy, for example, the CIA passed out money to influence the 1948 elections. But Albania was the first time that armed saboteurs were infiltrated into a sovereign country during peacetime, without the approval of Congress, Parliament, Prime Minister Clement Attlee, or President Harry Truman. This book by Nicholas Bethell, a Conservative member of the House of Lords who lives in London, is the story of this paramilitary operation, which was an unmitigated disaster.The major problem was that Kim Philby, MI6's joint commander of the mission based in Washington, was a Soviet mole who betrayed some of the operations from the start. The CIA prefers that we believe this was the only problem, and as of 1982 still refused to confirm that the invasion took place. But Bethell makes a strong case that there were other difficulties: "Poor planning, faulty equipment, ineptitude, the unforeseen strength and violence of the Communist forces in Albania, and the decision to go ahead with the operation despite the warning signals, led to the deaths of thousands."
Here are the names most frequently mentioned in the above books:
ACHESON DEAN G ALBANIA CIA IN ALBANIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE ALDIS JESSICA ALLEN DERBY AMERY JULIAN AMERY LEOPOLD ANGLETON JAMES JESUS ATHENISIADES BODOSIS (BODOSAKI) BADDELEY JOHN HALKETT BADOGLIO PIETRO (MARSHAL) BANDERA STEFAN BARCLAY EILEEN BARCLAY SAM BATEMAN CHARLES BEST SIGISMUND PAYNE BEVIN ERNEST BLACKBURN JAMES (RAF PILOT) BORNBRIGHT JAMES C BROOMAN-WHITE DICK BRUMMELL BILL BURGESS GUY FRANCIS DE MONCY BURKE MICHAEL (OSS) CAFFERY JEFFERSON CANNON CAVENDISH W CARTER PEERS LEE COLLINS BILL (GUNNER) COOLING TERENCE COWGILL FELIX HENRY CROSTHWAITE MOORE DAVIDSON BASIL RISBRIDGER DE NEUFVILLE LAWRENCE E DOSTI HASAN DUBE LOUIS J DULIN ROLAND E DWYER PETER M DZERZHINSKY FELIKS E EYRE JAMES FIELDING XAN FRANKS OLIVER FRASHERI MIDHAT FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE FREEDOM FIRST MAGAZINE FULLER HORACE W (HOD) GERHARDT H ALAN GRANT ALASTAIR GREENE HUGH CARLETON HALL VIRGINIA HANKEY ROBIN HARE ALAN VICTOR HAYTER WILLIAM GOODENOUGH HENDERSON GEORGE D HIBBERDINE JOHN GORDON HIBBERT REGINALD ALFRED HODGSON D.E.P. (BRIGADIER) HOWARD ALFRED HOXHA ENVER INGLIS JOHN JACOBS JOSEPH E JEBB GLADWYN JELLICOE GEORGE JOYCE ROBERT P KEMP PETER KENNAN GEORGE FROST KIRKPATRICK IVONE A KLUGMANN JAMES LAST TOMMY LEAKE PHILIP LEATHAM JOHN LIEB JOSEPH PATRICK LIGHTNER E ALLAN LINDSAY FRANKLIN ANTHONY LOW ROBERT (OSS) LYALL ARCHIBALD LAURENCE MACLEAN DONALD DUART MACLEAN HENRY MACMILLAN HAROLD MAJOR WILLIAM MAKINS ROGER MELLOR MANGELLY THOMAS MARKOV GEORGI I MASARYK JAN MATJANI HAMIT MAYHEW CHRISTOPHER PAGET MCCARGAR JAMES MCCLOUD ERIC MCCLOY JOHN JAY MCLEAN NEIL LOUDON (BILLY) MENANT GUY MENZIES STEWART GRAHAM MILLAR DEREK HOYER MILMO HELENUS MINOR ROBERT MOUNTBATTEN LOUIS (LORD) MUGGERIDGE MALCOLM NEEL TONY NEWMAN ANTHONY NIARCHOS STAVROS SPIROS NORTHROP ANTHONY NORTON CLIFFORD (SIR) OAKLEY-HILL DAYRELL R ODEY GEORGE PAPAGOS ALEXANDER PAPAJANI JOHN PEAKE CHARLES PECHIN FREDERIC W PERKINS HAROLD PHILBY KIM PIPENELIS PANAYOTIS RADIO FREE EUROPE RAJK LASZLO REBET LEV RIDDLE IRIS ROBERTS FRANK K RUDKOWSKI ROMAN RUMBOLD ANTHONY SARGENT ORME SIMCOX TONY SLANSKY RUDOLPH SLOCUM FRANK ALEXANDER SMILEY DAVID SMILEY MOY STASHYNSKY BOGDAN STEVENS RICHARD HENRY SULZBERGER CYRUS LEO TEDDER LORD THOMPSON LLEWELLYN E JR THRUPP IRENE TITO JOSIP BROZ VOLKOV KONSTANTIN WALTON KEVIN WATROUS ELLIOT WHERRY KENNETH S WHINNEY PATRICK WHITE DICK GOLDSMITH WHITWORTH MARTIN WINN ROWLAND WISNER FRANK GARDNER YATSEVITCH GRATIAN M (COL) YOUNG GEORGE KENNEDY YOUNG ROLLO ZAEHNER ROBERT CHARLES ZOG KING ZOGU LEKA
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