U.S. Policy / Panama

Dinges, John. Our Man in Panama: How General Noriega Used the United States and Made Millions in Drugs and Arms. New York: Random House, 1990. 403 pages.

Noriega's life is threaded through this account of corrupt Panamanian politics and U.S.-Panama relations since the 1960s, with emphasis on the period of Noriega's strongman leadership that concluded with George Bush's invasion of December, 1989.

Noriega's career of drug trafficking and money laundering alternated with periods of close cooperation with the DEA to arrest competitors. He was preceded by Gen. Omar Torrijos, a populist whose rule was ended in a suspicious 1981 plane crash that some believe was CIA-arranged. Noriega enjoyed a long stint on the CIA payroll in return for many services, such as helping the covert wars against Salvadoran rebels and his offer of assistance to Oliver North. In 1984 the U.S. suppressed evidence of Noriega's electoral fraud.

John Dinges is an editor at National Public Radio. His book went to press three months after the invasion, so it isn't much help in figuring out what led to this important event, and whether it was really intended to help the Panamanians. Hopefully others will pick up where he left off.


Noriega, Manuel and Eisner, Peter. America's Prisoner: The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega. New York: Random House, 1997. 293 pages.

George Bush's invasion of Panama in December, 1989 happened so fast that the media couldn't get the story, and was reduced to parroting the administration's line about Manuel Noriega's drug dealing and "Operation Just Cause." This book is the story you didn't get -- from Noriega himself, who is now the only prisoner of war in the U.S., as designated by the Geneva Conventions. Noriega's version of events is then investigated and largely confirmed by Peter Eisner, formerly a Latin America correspondent for Newsday, who was in Panama during the invasion.

First off, hard evidence of Noriega's drug connections was lacking, contrary to what Americans were told. General Fred Woerner, chief of the Southern Command, and Admiral William Crowe, chairman of the Joint Chiefs, both opposed the invasion and were both dismissed. In order to convict Noriega in court, 26 felons testified at his trial in exchange for leniency. (This trial caught prosecutors by surprise because Noriega wasn't expected to survive the invasion; he now had to be convicted at any cost.) Finally, Eisner sums up three reasons for the invasion: 1) the wimp factor -- Bush had to counteract a growing perception of presidential weakness; 2) Panama's failure to help the U.S. with Iran-Contra; and 3) vague worries from the right that the loss of U.S. control over the canal would be a setback.

Here are the names most frequently mentioned in the above books:

    ABADIA JORGE     ABRAMS ELLIOTT L     AGUILAR ANTONIO     AIZPRUA TONY     ALCEDO JULIO     ALEMANY SOTO MIGUEL     ALEXANDER THEODORE     ALLEN JAMES B (D-AL)     ALLEN LEW JR (GEN)     ALVAREZ MARTINEZ GUSTAVO ADOLFO     ANGEL LUIS GUILLERMO     ANGUEIRA EFRAIN     ARBOLEDA BIVIANO     ARIAS ARNULFO     ARIAS CALDERON RICARDO     ARIAS SANCHEZ OSCAR     ARMIJO ROBERTO     ARMITAGE RICHARD L     ARNOLD PORTER (LAW FIRM)     AROSEMENA CARLOS (NORIEGA AIDE)     ATWOOD J BRIAN     AUDEMAR ALBERTO     AWAN AMJAD     AYALA PEDRO     BAGLEY BRUCE M     BAILEY NORMAN A     BANK CREDIT COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL     BARLETTA NICOLAS ARDITO     BARRIA AURELIO (YEYO)     BARRIOS AUGUSTIN     BATEMAN JAIME     BAYH BIRCH E (D-IN)     BAZAN JOSE     BECHTEL CORPORATION     BELLIDO ARMANDO     BENES BERNARDO     BETHANCOURT ROMULO ESCOBAR     BILONICK RICARDO     BISHOP MAURICE (PM)     BLANDON JOSE I     BLUM JACK A     BOYD AQUILINO     BOYD FEDERICO     BRAMBLE JAMES     BRAMSON BRIAN HUGH     BRIGGS EVERETT ELLIS (TED)     BROWN SILVERIO     BRUSTMAYER-RODRIGUEZ HOR     BUFFONE SAMUEL     BUNKER ELLSWORTH     BURGHARDT RAYMOND F JR     BURNETT STANLEY R     BUSH GEORGE H.W.     CABALLERO ALFREDO     CABALLERO DANILO     CABALLERO PORFIRIO     CABRERA MEDINA OTALVARO     CAMARGO FELIPE     CANALIAS JORGE     CANNISTRARO VINCENT M     CARLTON CACERES FLOYD     CARTER JIMMY E (PRES)     CASEY WILLIAM JOSEPH     CASON JAMES C     CASTILLO ELIAS     CASTILLO IVAN     CASTREJON ARNULFO     CASTRELLON LICHITO     CASTRELLON RODOLFO     CASTRO FIDEL     CASTRO RAUL (BROTHER OF FIDEL)     CEDENO RAFAEL     CHANG VEGA ISAAC     CHARDY ALFONSO     CHAVEZ HILL FRANCISCO (COLOMBIA)     CHEN LUIS CARLOS     CHU YI     CISNEROS MARC A (GEN)     CLARRIDGE DUANE R (DEWEY)     COCKBURN LESLIE     COLLIN STEVE     CONSTANTINO JORGE     CONTRERAS ARMANDO ABEL     CORCHO CARLOS     CORDOBA LUIS (PAPO)     CORDOBEZ PIGUA     CORNELL ALLEN CHARLES (COL)     CORREA MOISES     CORTIZO MOISES     CRAIG GREGORY B     CRUZ ROGELIO     CURA CESAR     DAUBUISSON ROBERTO     DAVIDOW BRIAN ALDEN     DAVIS ARTHUR H JR     DAYAN MOSHE     DE LA ESPRIELLA RICARDO     DE MOSS DEBORAH LYNNE     DEL CID EDILBERTO (MACHO)     DEL CID LUIS     DEL CID MARIO     DELGADO DANIEL     DELGADO HERNAN     DELVALLE ARTURO     DELVALLE ERIC ARTURO     DESMOND TIMOTHY J     DIACSA COMPANY     DIAZ HERRERA ROBERTO     DITTEA ANABEL     DODD CHRISTOPHER J (D-CT)     DONFELD JEFFREY     DRUMMOND WILLIAM (CANAL ZONE POLICE)     DUNCAN ALFREDO (FRED)     DUNCAN FRED     DUNN ROBERT F (VADM)     DUQUE CARLOS (PANAMA)     DURKIN WILLIAM     EISENMANN ROBERTO     EL PASO INTELLIGENCE CENTER     ENDARA GUILLERMO     ESCOBAR BETHANCOURT ROMULO     ESCOBAR GAVIRIA PABLO EMILIO     ESKENAZI J V     ESPARZA ARTURO     ESPINO DARISNEL     ESQUIVEL RODERICK     FALCON WILLIE     FARIAS MATIAS     FERNANDEZ JACK (NORIEGA LAWYER)     FERNANDEZ JOSEPH F     FIRST INTERAMERICAS BANK     FLOREZ FLORENCIO     FONTAINE ROGER W     FORD GUILLERMO (BILLY)     GAITAN ELIECER     GALLEGOS HECTOR     GALVIN JOHN R (GEN)     GANDASEGUI MARCO     GARCIA PIYUYO MAJOR     GAVIRIA GUSTAVO     GIROLDI MOISES     GONZALEZ ARIOSTO     GONZALEZ EDUARDO (PANAMANIAN POLITICIAN)     GONZALEZ FRANCISCO ELIEZER     GONZALEZ GONZALO     GONZALEZ GUILLERMO (RAFAEL RICHARD ASSOCIATE)     GONZALEZ NICOLAS     GONZALEZ SEBASTIAN (GUACHAN)     GORMAN PAUL F (GEN)     GREGORIE RICHARD     GRILLI STEVEN     GUERRA ALEXIS     GUERRA MANUEL ENRIQUE (PILLIQUE)     HARARI MICHAEL     HEATH EDWARD (DEA)     HECHT BILL     HELMS JESSE A (R-NC)     HERNANDEZ CLETO     HERRERA HASSAN EDUARDO     HERRERA SIMON BOLIVAR     HERSH SEYMOUR M     HEWITT ASHLEY C     HIM GONZALEZ JOAQUIN     HOEVELER WILLIAM M     HOFFMAN MANFRED     HONEY MARTHA     HULL JOHN FLOYD     HUNT E HOWARD     IKEDA DAISAKU     ILLUECA JORGE     INAIR COMPANY     INGERSOLL JOHN EDWARD     INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD     INTERBANCO      INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS     JARAMILLO ENRIQUE (CHINO)     JIMENEZ HUMBERTO     JORDAN HAMILTON     JORDEN WILLIAM JOHN     JUSTINE MARCOS     KALISH STEVEN MICHAEL     KELLNER LEON     KEMPE FREDERICK S     KENNEDY EDWARD M (D-MA)     KENNEDY KEN     KERRY JOHN FORBES (D-MA)     KIMBLER DONALD     KIYONAGA JOSEPH YOSHIO     KOSTER R M     KOZAK MICHAEL G     KROGH EGIL (BUD)     KRUPNICK JORGE     KUNSTLER WILLIAM M     LABOA JOSE SEBASTIAN     LAKAS DEMETRIO     LAKE RESOURCES     LARA BONILLA RODRIGO     LATINEZ JORGE     LAWN JOHN C     LEHDER RIVAS CARLOS ENRIQUE     LEHTINEN DEXTER W     LERNER JAY     LEWIS GALINDO GABRIEL     LICONA JAVIER     LINOWITZ SOL M     LOPEZ GRIMALDI EDGARDO     LOPEZ MICHELSEN ALFONSO     LOPEZ REYES WALTER     LUTZ AUGUSTO     MACHIN CRISTINA     MACIAS LEONIDAS     MADRINAN NIVALDO     MAGLUTA SALVADOR     MAHLSTEDT PAUL     MAISTO JOHN F     MAJANO ADOLFO     MALLOL GILBERTO     MALMAN MYLES H     MANFREDO FERNANDO     MARTINEZ BORIS     MARTINEZ GEORGE     MATERNO VASQUEZ JUAN     MCAULIFFE DENNIS PHIL (GEN)     MCCLEARY JOEL WEST     MCGRATH MARCOS     MCNEIL FRANCIS J     MELO BORBUA JULIAN     MENDEZ GABRIEL     MENGES CONSTANTINE C     MERKLE ROBERT     MEZA JOAQUIN     MILIAN RODRIGUEZ RAMON     MIRANDA JULIO CESAR     MIRANDA OLMEDO DAVID     MONZON RUBEN     MORA LAZARO     MORITZ DAN     MORLEDA CARLOS     MOSS AMBLER H JR     MOTLEY LANGHORNE A     MURPHY DANIEL J (ADM)     MURPHY JOHN M (D-NY)     MUSE KURT FREDERICK     NAGANO SHIGEO (BUSINESSMAN)     NENTZEN FRANCO LUIS     NIEVES ROBERT J     NORIEGA HURTADO LUIS CARLOS     NORIEGA MANUEL ANTONIO     NORTH OLIVER L     NRAF INC     OCHOA VASQUEZ FABIO     OCHOA VASQUEZ JORGE LUIS     OCHOA VASQUEZ MARTA NIEVES     OLARTE BORIS     ORTEGA DANIEL     OW YOUNG JULIO     OWEN ROBERT W     PAHLAVI FARAH DIBA     PAHLAVI MOHAMMED REZA     PANAMA CIA IN     PARDO EDUARDO     PAREDES RUBEN DARIO     PARKER DAVID (GEN)     PASTOR ROBERT A     PASTORA EDEN     PEREZ CARLOS ANDRES     PERINAN BALBINA     PINEIRO LOSADA MANUEL     PINOCHET AUGUSTO     PLACE WILLIAM     POINDEXTER JOHN M     POWELL COLIN LUTHER     PRETELT ENRIQUE (KIKI)     PRICE WILLIAM (U.S.EMBASSY)     PULICE YOLANDA     PURCELL ALBERTO     QADDAFI MUAMMAR     QUIEL LUIS     QUINONES JOAQUIN     REMON CANTERA JOSE ANTONIO     RICHARD RAFAEL JR     RIVERA BROOKLYN     ROBLES MARCO     RODRIGUEZ CESAR     RODRIGUEZ GACHA JOSE GONZALO     RODRIGUEZ OREJUELA GILBERTO JOSE     RODRIGUEZ ULISES     ROGERS WILLIAM DILL     ROGNONI MARIO     ROSENTHAL JOEL H     ROYO ARISTIDES     RUBINO FRANK A     SANCHEZ BORBON GUILLERMO     SANCHEZ NESTOR D     SANCHEZ YOLANDA     SANJUR AMADO     SANTACRUZ ECHEVERRI LUIS (LUCHO)     SANTACRUZ LONDONO JOSE     SAYRE ROBERT MARION     SCHOOL AMERICAS     SCHWEITZER ROBERT L (GEN)     SEDILLO ARTHUR     SHULTZ GEORGE PRATT     SIEIRO AQUILINO     SILVERA RAMIRO     SOLIS PALMA MANUEL     SONNETT NEAL     SPADAFORA HUGO     SPADAFORA WINSTON     STONE CHARLES (CHICO)     STRICKLER GERRY     STRIEDINGER ROBERTO     SUCRE HERACLIDES     SULLIVAN MICHAEL (PAT)     SVAT GERALD J     TABOADA GABRIEL     TACK JUAN     TAKIFF RAYMOND     TARTAGLINO ANDREW     TASON MARCELA     TELLES THOMAS M     THURMAN MAXWELL R (GEN)     TORRIJOS MOISES     TORRIJOS OMAR     TRIBALDOS RICARDO     TROTT STEPHEN S     TURNER CARLTON E     UDALL RESEARCH COMPANY     URENA ARISTIDES     VALENZUELA WALTER     VALLARINO BOLIVAR     VALLARINO EDUARDO     VASQUEZ MATERNO     VILLA JOSE     VILLANUEVA JAVIER     WALKER WILLIAM GRAHAM     WALTERS VERNON ANTHONY     WATSON TEOFILO     WEEDEN ALVIN     WEINBERGER CASPAR W     WHITGREEN CARLOS     WINTERS DONALD H     ZAMBRANO JOSE EDUARDO

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